Techniques

Voltammetric techniques:

• Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV)
• Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV)
• Square Wave Voltammetry (SWV)
• Normal Pulse Voltammetry (NPV)
• AC Voltammetry (ACV)
• Cyclic Voltammetry (CV)

These methods can all be used in their stripping modes which are applied for (ultra-) trace analysis.

• Stripping chronopotentiometry (PSA or SCP)

Technique as a function of time:

• Chronoamperometry (CA)
• Pulsed Amperometric Detection (PAD)
• Multiple Pulse Amperometry (MPAD)
• Fast amperometry (FAM)
• Chronopotentiometry (CP)
• Open Circuit Potentiometry (OCP)
• Multistep Amperometry (MA)
• Multistep Potentiometry (MP)
• Mixed Mode (MM)

Impedance spectroscopy / EIS:

• Potential scan
• Time scan

Scans can be made at a fixed frequency or with a frequency scan.

• Fixed potential

 

Measurement Specifications

General pretreatment:

Apply conditioning, deposition or initial potential for: 0 – 1600 s

General voltammetric parameters:

PS4 Model	PS4.F1.05 PS4.F2.05	PS4.F0.10 PS4.F1.10 PS4.F2.10
Potential range:	-5 V to +5 V	-10 V to +10 V
Step potential:	0.075 mV to 250 mV	0.075 mV to 250 mV
Pulse potential:	0.075 mV to 250 mV	0.075 mV to 250 mV

Limits of some technique specific parameters for PalmSens4:

Technique	Parameter	Limit
Normal Pulse and Differential Pulse Voltammetry:	Scan rate: Pulse time:	0.1 mV/s (75 µV step) to 100 mV/s (5 mV step)10 ms to 300 ms
Square Wave Voltammetry1and AC Voltammetry:	Frequency:	1 Hz to 2000 Hz 1
Linear Sweep and Cyclic Voltammetry:	Scan rate:	0.01 mV/s (75 µV step) to 500 V/s (10 mV step)
ChronoAmperometry :	Interval time: Max. run time:	0.25 ms to 300 s 1000000 s (> 10 days at 16 s interval)
Pulsed Amperometric Detection:	Interval time: Pulse time: Max. run time:	50 ms to 300 s 1 ms to 1 s 640000 s (> 7 days at 10 s interval)
Multiple Pulse Amperometric Detection:	Pulse times: Run time: E levels:	100 ms to 2 s 10 s to 100000 s 3
Fast Amperometry:	Interval time: Max. run time: Max. points: .	0.02 ms to 1 s 30 s 65000 (4000 for interval time < 0.2 ms)
ChronoPotentiometry and Open Circuit Potentiometry:	Interval time: Max. run time:	0.25 ms to 300 s 1000000 s (> 10 days at 300 s interval)
Multistep Amperometry Multistep Potentiometry and Mixed Mode:	Interval time: Level switching overhead time: Number of levels: Number of cycles: Max. run time:	0.25 ms to 300 s . ±80 ms 1 to 255 1 to 20000 > 1 year

 

 Note: some limits of parameters are set for practical reasons and can be modified on request.

¹ PSTrace provides the option to measure forward and reverse currents separately.

Specifications

General
dc-potential range	± 10 V (or ± 5 V)
compliance voltage	± 10V
maximum current	± 30 mA (typical)
max. acquisition rate	150,000 data points/s
Potentiostat (controlled potential mode)
applied dc-potential resolution	75 µV
applied potential accuracy	≤ 0.1% ± 1 mV offset
current ranges	100 pA to 10 mA (9 ranges)
current accuracy	≤ 0.1 % (at Full Scale Range)
measured current resolution	0.006 % of current range (5 fA on 100 pA range)
Galvanostat (controlled current mode)
current ranges	1 nA to 10 mA (8 ranges)
applied dc-current range	± 6 times applied current range
applied dc-current resolution	0.005 % of applied current range
measured dc-potential accuracy	75 μV at ± 10 V 7.5 μV at ± 1 V 0.75 μV at ± 0.1 V
FRA / EIS (impedance measurements)
frequency range	10 μHz to 1 MHz (or 10 μHz to 100 kHz)
ac-amplitude range	1 mV to 0.25 V rms, or 0.6 V p-p
Electrometer
electrometer amplifier input	> 1 TΩ // 10 pF
bandwidth	1 MHz
Other
housing	aluminium with rubber sleeve: 15.7 x 9.7 x 3.5 cm3
weight	500 g
temperature range	0 ºC to + 50 ºC
power supply	USB or internal LiPo battery
communication	USB and Bluetooth
battery time	> 16 hours idle time > 4 hours with cell on at max. current Extendable by means of power bank
internal storage space	4 GB or +/- 400000 measurements incl. method info (assuming 200 data points per measurement)
Auxiliary port (D-Sub 15)
analog input	± 10 V, 18 bit
analog output	0-10 V, 12 bit (1 kOhm output impedance)
4 digital outputs	0-3.3 V
1 digital input	0-3.3 V (5 V tolerant)
I-out and E-out	raw output of current and potential E-out ± 10 V (1 kOhm output impedance) I-out ± 6 V (1 kOhm output impedance)
power	5 V output (max. 150 mA)

 

The current is measured using a zero resistance ammeter (ZRA).

EIS Contour Accuracy Plot

Extensions

Main extensions for PalmSens4:

• Multiplexer for using up to 8 or 16 cells with one potentiostat
• Pt1000 temperature sensor.
• Magnetic stirrer for stripping analysis applications.
• USB galvanic isolator for floating measurements.
• Differential Electrometer Amplifier (DEA) for use as floating voltage amplifier with differential input and single output for measuring an auxiliary signal between -5 to +5 V or -10 to +10 V.

Click here to see all PalmSens4 compatible extensions and accessories.

Software

PalmSens4 is shipped with the new PSTrace 5 software.
New in PSTrace 5:

• Equivalent Circuit Fitting and Simulation for EIS
• Support for PalmSens4; view and copy data on its internal 4GB storage
• New technique: Mixed Mode for combining potentiometry and amperometry, potential sweeps and measuring at open circuit
• Improved UI
• New “.pssession” file format introduced for always saving all available measurements, method information and meta data to a single file.